## Detailed Explanations: Application Layer Technologies - **[[ZKP/ZKP Base Layer/ZKP Blockchain/Technical Build Application Layer/Smart Contract Execution Environments EVM|EVM:]]** Executes contracts through [[Substrate]]'s EVM pallet with RLP encoding and Patricia Trie state management, supporting ZK-verified AI tasks with Ethereum compatibility [112, 113]. - **[[ZKP/ZKP Base Layer/ZKP Blockchain/Technical Build Application Layer/Smart Contract Execution Environments WASM|WASM:]]** Offers near-native speeds (~10^8 instructions/s) for AI inference through Substrate's native runtime, using Rust-based pallets integrated with EVM via unified state management [119]. - **[[ZKP/ZKP Base Layer/ZKP Blockchain/Technical Build Application Layer/Privacy-Preserving Computations with ZK Wrappers/Architecture and Workflow of ZK Wrappers|ZK Wrappers:]]** Abstract [[ZKP/Data Marketplace/Technical Basis/Cryptographic Foundations/Lifecycle of zk-SNARKs|zk-SNARKs]] (on-chain verification) and [[ZKP/ZKP Base Layer/Core Concepts/zk-STARKs/zk-STARKs|zk-STARKs]] (off-chain computation) for secure AI computation verification through both EVM contracts and native pallets. - **Circom:** Compiles [[ZKP/ZKP Base Layer/ZKP Blockchain/Technical Build Application Layer/ZK Circuit Workflow in Privacy-Preserving Computations|ZK circuits]] for AI tasks (e.g., matrix multiplication), optimizing proof generation through Substrate's off-chain worker infrastructure [66]. - **ZoKrates:** Simplifies [[ZKP/Data Marketplace/Technical Basis/Cryptographic Foundations/Lifecycle of zk-SNARKs|zk-SNARK]] circuit design with reusable components for AI operations, integrated with Substrate's development toolkit [67]. See also: [[ZKP/ZKP Base Layer/ZKP Blockchain/Tech Stack with detailed explanations/Storage Layer Technologies|Storage Layer Technologies]]