## Modular Architecture with Dual Runtimes: EVM and WASM The blockchain supports both the [[ZKP/ZKP Base Layer/ZKP Blockchain/Technical Build Application Layer/Smart Contract Execution Environments EVM|Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)]] and [[ZKP/ZKP Base Layer/ZKP Blockchain/Technical Build Application Layer/Smart Contract Execution Environments WASM|WebAssembly (WASM),]] combining compatibility with Ethereum's ecosystem and high-performance computing capabilities through [[Substrate]]'s unified runtime architecture. EVM facilitates the execution of Solidity-based smart contracts via the EVM pallet and Frontier compatibility layer, maintaining interoperability with Ethereum standards and accessing its vast developer ecosystem [112, 113]. WASM achieves near-native execution speeds (~10^8 instructions/s) for AI tasks through Substrate's native runtime, supporting languages such as Rust and C++, enabling compute-intensive applications like neural network inference with seamless cross-runtime communication [119]. This dual-runtime approach maximizes both ecosystem compatibility and performance flexibility within Substrate's modular framework. See also: [[ZKP/ZKP Base Layer/ZKP Blockchain/Competitiveness/Design|Design]]