[[ZKP/ZKP Base Layer/ZKP Blockchain/Technical Build Application Layer/Privacy-Preserving Computations with ZK Wrappers/Integration with EVM and WASM|The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)]] is a decentralized runtime environment for executing smart contracts, primarily on the Ethereum blockchain [19]. It is Turing-complete, meaning it can run any program given sufficient resources, and operates within a sandboxed environment to ensure security. The EVM uses a gas model, where each operation incurs a cost, preventing infinite loops and incentivizing efficient code. Smart contracts, typically written in Solidity, enable programmable logic that executes automatically based on predefined conditions. In the ZKP ecosystem, the [[ZKP/ZKP Base Layer/ZKP Blockchain/Technical Build Application Layer/EVM Compatibility|EVM is incorporated into the Substrate-based chain]] through the EVM pallet and Frontier compatibility layer [112, 113], enabling native support for Solidity smart contracts while maintaining full Ethereum compatibility. This integration allows developers to deploy existing Ethereum dApps without modification, creating applications such as a decentralized marketplace for AI models where [[ZKP/ZKP Base Layer/Core Concepts/Zero-Knowledge Proofs|ZKPs]] verify transactions without exposing sensitive data. The EVM pallet seamlessly integrates with Substrate's native runtime, enabling unified account systems (H160 addresses) and efficient cross-runtime communication between EVM contracts and native Substrate pallets. The integration of [[ZKP/ZKP Base Layer/ZKP Blockchain/Technical Build Application Layer/ZK Wrappers in Action|ZK wrappers]] with the EVM ensures privacy-preserving execution, making it a powerful tool for bridging Ethereum's developer base with ZKP's advanced privacy features while leveraging Substrate's superior scalability and upgrade mechanisms. See also: [[ZKP/ZKP Base Layer/Core Concepts/ECDSA|ECDSA]]